Old Male Patient Has Got Admitted In Hospital †Free Samples

Question: Examine About The Old Male Patient Has Got Admitted In Hospital? Answer: Introducation Mr. Donald John, 81 years of age male patient has conceded in the medical clinic B side on 10.01.2017 in room no: 261. His sentiments, confidence and discernment level was surveyed. He has previous history of moderate dementia in view of transient ischemic assault and is suspected to have Alzheimers illness since 2014. He additionally had hyponatraemia auxiliary to lack of hydration, low state of mind, uneasiness, hypercholesterolemia, Ischemic coronary illness with foremost MI, moderate left front dropping sore and stenosis of circumflex. He was an architect and lives with his better half in his town. During history assortment, he was found to experience issues in communicating feelings and failure to compose however has great understanding abilities. He has sentiments of inadequacy and is hesitant to communicate with others because of his inabilities. He has sentiments of shamefulness and absence of significance for his life. His better half is his full help and his one child and o ne little girl seldom visits him. Mr. John is analyzed to have dementia which is a condition wherein there can be a progressive decay of memory, judgment, language, other subjective capacities and additionally sensorial aptitudes alongside direction to time, place just as individual that decreases a people capacity to take part in every day exercises. Dementia creates if any progressions or harms happen in the mind (Hinkle, 2014). The significant reason for dementia includes mind ailments in whichthe neurons of cerebrum declines and obliterates rapidly when contrasted with that of ordinary maturing. Mr. John has Alzheimer's disease(a sort of neurodegenerative issue) which is a kind of dementia. It is liable for 2/3rds of dementia in older as in Mr. John. InAlzheimer's disease(AD), the degeneration of synapses prompts shrinkage of cerebrum particularly cerebral cortex, which is the dim issue layer that covers the mind and nerve center (Linda, 2011). This dark issue works in handling of thought just as numerous mind bo ggling cerebrum works that incorporates putting away recollections, recovery of recollections, science figuring, spelling the words, arranging and sorting out. Clusters of unusual protein parts (beta-amyloid) called as plaques or wound protein strands (tau) tangles gradually creates and stores in the cerebrum, which are answerable for expanded loss of synapses (NHS, 2014). This can cause loss of association between synapses and decrease the creation of synapses that are expected to hand-off driving forces starting with one neuron then onto the next. Besides, Acetylcholine that is liable for specific exercises that are related with learning aptitudes, consideration capacities and memory limit (Lewis, 2013, Aminoff, 2016). Individuals having Alzheimers illness can include with diminished acetylcholine creation in the mind alongside creation of glutamate that is genuinely necessary for interfacing between cerebrum neurons are additionally decreased raising a ruckus in learning and long haul memory (Jurczak, 2014, NHS, 2015). As dementia advances, the degeneration of neurons spread influencing the neurons of outstanding cerebrum parts. Alzheime rs ailment, ischemic stroke, low confidence, saved character and cardiovascular sicknesses of Mr. John has added to movement of dementia to its moderate stage (Zhang, 2014,Fairfax, 2014). Alzheimer's malady (AD) highlights with moderate decrease in memory, thinking, thinking just as conduct abilities that causes impedance with day by day exercises in its serious stage. A few highlights of Alzheimer's sickness may be like that old enough related changes and different types of dementia however the differential determination could be made dependent on the a follow line distinction which is talked about as follows. All the people may experience at least 1 of these highlights as they age. 1) Memory misfortune that influences every day exercises This is the most well-known component of Alzheimer's with loss of memory, especially overlooking the informations that are as of late learned, incapable to recollect significant events, dates or potentially occasions, rehashing the words, posing a similar inquiry over and over, expanded unwavering quality on memory helps as update notes and additionally some electronic gadgets or potentially family members for exercises that they we re taking care of by their own beforehand as in Mr. John though in age-related degeneration, the people may overlooks people names and additionally arrangements in some cases yet can recollect it later (Alzheimer's Association, 2017). 2). Challenges in arranging and critical thinking Persons with AD may discover challenges in creating and following an arrangement/work that requires numbers, inconvenience in recollecting natural food-plans and following month to month charges as John endures. They will most likely be unable to move in things and may set aside more effort to accomplish work than previously while in age-related changes, just intermittent errors happen while working with a checkbook. 3). Issues in finishing natural exercises at home or working spot or at recreation time-AD people frequently discover trouble in finishing day by day exercises. They may experience difficulty in heading to a notable spot, checking financial plans and recalling game guidelines while in decre pit degeneration, periodic assistance might be expected to change the microwave settings and additionally recording a TV show which is prove in Mr. John (McKhann, 2011). 4). Mistaking for time and additionally place-AD individuals will be unable to follow the dates or seasons, trouble in understanding things that has not happened at present and overlooking where they are available and how they came there which is like Mr. John (McKhann, 2011). In decrepit degeneration, more established individual may mistake for the day of the week however follow it out after. 5). Trouble in understanding visual pictures with spatial connections Having vision issue is a component of AD as Mr. John. These people may experience difficulty perusing, separating hues or making a decision about separation that can make issues in driving. However, in maturing related changes, the vision changes happen because of waterfalls or feeble degeneration (Alzheimer's Association, 2017). 6). Issues with talking words and additionally composing AD individuals may experience issues in speaking with others; may stop in the middle of discussion as well as inconvenience in proceeding with discussion or may rehash words inside themselves as like John (McKhann, 2011). Advertisement individuals may experience difficulty with jargon, choosing right words or naming the things wrongly while inconvenience happens just in finding the right words in age-related changes. 7). Losing things with inconvenience in re-following advances AD individuals may experience issues in keeping things in right places, losing things and powerlessness to revisit steps again and may mishandle others. Conversely, individuals with feeble degeneration may lose things and discover issue with following at hardly any occasions. 8). Poor or weakened judgment-AD individuals may have misguided thinking and additionally dynamic procedure and may give less consideration in self-care exercises though settling on awful choice is basic in age-related changes. 9). Withdrawal from exercises AD people may pull back from routine exercises, leisure activities, sports, social exercises, and so forth and feels separated which is like Mr. John with sentiments of segregation while in age-related changes, they may pull back from work and familial exercises now and again (McKhann, 2011). 10). Emotional episodes and character changes-AD people may have disarray, dubiousness, despondency, dreadf ulness or potentially uneasiness as like John who is discouraged and befuddled (Alzheimer's Association, 2017). Be that as it may, in a run of the mill age-related degeneration, they may get crabby in performing every day exercises. Differential determination must be made plainly among AD and age-related changes by contrasting the signs and performing suitable demonstrative assessments (Table-1). The highlights of maladies other than AD that can create turmoil in speculation, trouble in concentrating on things, loss of memory incorporates iron-inadequacy anemia,diabetes-mellitus, renal scatters, liver sicknesses, disease, some nutrient insufficiencies, thyroid issue and cardiovascular, lung and vein irregularities (Alzheimer's Association, 2017, Albert, 2011). There is no any single test to affirm the determination of AD. A total conclusion ought to be made by performing clear evaluation by thinking about all the causes. The initial step includes gathering clinical history with past ailments and medication history with family ancestry of AD. Mr. John had transient ischemic assault with suspected Alzheimers illness, brutality and uneasiness which recommends that the patient has created moderate dementia due to AD and its meds. There is a family ancestry of AD with dementia in his dad who has passed on at 81 years old (Lewis, 2013). Physical assessment was performed to preclude diet design, liquor admission, and utilization of medications (current, over-the counter meds supplements), crucial signs, heart sounds and general evaluation. His assessment shows that he experiences difficulty in giving feelings with trouble access composing however not in perusing (Alzheimer's Association, 2017). He has overlooking, more than once poses inquiries, short-temperedness, disconnected and fatigue sentiments, performing exercises more than once, meanders with-out reason, forcefulness, manhandling others, yelling, beating, shouting, disturbance, burdensome highlights as inconvenience ventilating his feelings, poor critical limit, absence of discretion with confidence, dubiousness which makes Mr. John to be on edge, with-drawn, low-disposition, confounded, lost and disappointed (NHS, 2014). Hereditary test might be performed to follow out APOE-e4 and autosomal-predominant AD quality which isn't acted in John. Neurological test was performed cautiously to preclude conditions that may demonstrate cerebrum sicknesses other than AD as littler/enormous stroke, mind tumors, hydrocephalus, Parkinsons malady or different issue which can cause memory/thinking debilitation (Sperling, 2011, Alzheimer's Association,

Microsoft Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microsoft Company - Essay Example The organization has had a noteworthy effect on the condition of the economy in the province of Washington. The company’ development encounters have intensy affected the business development in Washington. For a long time of the company’s presence, the development pace of work in Washington alone has extended at a yearly normal pace of 1.7 %. Besides, the company’s utilization pace of products and different exchanges has had a critical lift in the degree of salary in Washington (Eicher, 2010). Industry investigation/Benchmark †Microsoft Corporation is the main maker of PC programming. In any case, its items are confronting a firm rivalry from items, for example, Linux, UNIX and Macintosh. The organization likewise faces a solid competition from different organizations, for example, the American Software, Apple, Google, Autodesk Inc. also, others. Luckily, Microsoft’s items have unshaken upper hand over different organizations for the explanation that their items are easy to use hence has a more grounded piece of the overall industry. For example, an industry examination among Microsoft and American programming dependent on overall gain for a long time, 2012 and 2013, shows that Microsoft had a higher total compensation when contrasted with its adversary. That is, ($ 21,863,000 of every 2013; $ 16,978,000 out of 2012 for Microsoft) and ($ 10,411,000 of every 2013; $ 11,343,000 out of 2012 for American Software) (SEC filings, n.d.). Holding period return †the company’s holding period returns as estimated by the arrival on value and profit for ventures are as per the following: ROE (overall gain/Total value), ROI (net benefit/Total resources). In 2011, 2012 and 2013, the company’s ROE = (47.6 % in 2011; 27.69 % in 2013; 25.58 % in 2012). This single factor DuPont examination shows the investors’ compensation for the value commitment. The arrival could be delegated adequate and it expanded in the year 2013. The proportion shows that the organization is proficient. Also, the ROI = (25 % in 2011; 15.35 % in 2013; 14 % in 2013). Profit for

Happy Bobby Bonilla Day!

Happy Bobby Bonilla Day! Happy Bobby Bonilla Day! Happy Bobby Bonilla Day!If you struggle to understand how compound interest can help build your retirement savings, youll find Bobby Bonilla Day very instructive.Here on the OppLoans Financial Sense blog, we write a lot about how people can fix their credit scores, build their savings, and generally improve their long-term financial outlook. But sometimes it’s fun to write aboutâ€"wellâ€"the opposite of that: People who luck into ridiculously sweet financial situations where all they have to do is sit back and watch the money roll in.On that note: Happy Bobby Bonilla Day! It’s by far the world’s #1 niche sports-finance-based holiday, a time to sit back and reflect on the two most incontrovertible truths that govern this vast and mysterious universe of ours: First, that former Major League Baseball star Bobby Bonilla has it made in the shade; second, that the New York Mets are very bad at business.What is Bobby Bonilla Day?Bobby Bonilla Day falls on July 1st because that is the day, every year, that the New York Mets pay Bobby Bonilla $1.19 million. If that sounds like it’s a fairly run-of-the-mill arrangement, it helps to note that Bonilla has not played in the MLB since 2001 and hasn’t played for the Mets since 1999.The first Bobby Bonilla was celebrated in 2011 and the final Bobby Bonilla day will be commemorated in 2035. In that timespan, Bonilla will collect a whopping $29.8 million from the Mets, all for doing absolutely nothing! Sounds like a pretty sweet gig right? So what happened?!Deferred payments and compound interest.Bobby Bonilla was a very good baseball player. He played in the Major Leagues from 1986 to 2001, collecting six All-Star appearances and three Silver Sluggers along the way. He even won a World Series ring with the 1997 Florida Marlins. But the following year, he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers midseason who then traded him to the New York Mets the following November.Bonilla had already played with the Mets from 1992 to 1995, but this reunion was not exactly a happy one as Bonillas declining play leading to numerous clashes with Mets manager Bobby Valentine. After the 1998 season concluded, the Mets decided to wash their hands of Bonilla entirely and release him from his contract.There was only one problem: Bonilla was still owed $5.9 million on said contract. Under these circumstances, teams who cant find a trade partner will simply pay out the rest of the player’s contract in order to get him out of the clubhouse. If the player is eager to leave the franchise as well, their agent can also negotiate a smaller payout in order to facilitate their release.What Bonilla’s agent did in this case, however, was slightly different. (Okay, okay, it was a lot different.) Bonilla’s agent, Dennis Gilbert, offered to have Bonilla defer payment for a full decade. In return, the Mets would let that $5.9 million accrue interest at a rate of eight percent annually starting in the year 2000. It’s similar to the structure seen in many life insurance contractsâ€"a fact likely owing to Gilberts previous work as an  insurance agent.After the decade had passed, Bonilla would then start collecting a portion of the money every year until 2035. If you’ve ever wondered how compounding interest works on your retirement savings, this deal is a great example: That eight percent annual interest rate on Bonilla’s salary turned $5.9 million into $29.8 million overall.Bonilla took his first payout on July 1st, 2011. Now, every year, July 1st is celebrated as Bobby Bonilla Day by an incredibly esoteric blend of hardcore baseball nerds, finance aficionados, and aggrieved Mets fans (otherwise known as … Mets fans). For reference, the Mets are paying Bonilla over twice as much in 2019 as they are paying rookie Pete Alonso, whose 27 home runs are good for second in the National League.How did this deal work out for the Mets?Frankly: not well!If attaching an eight percent annual interest rate onto the remaining money in Bonilla’s contract seems like a curious decision by Mets owner Fred Wilpon, it helps to understand some of the surrounding contexts.At the time that they agreed to defer Bonillas contract, the Wilpon family was invested in an absolutely superb New York investment fund that was enjoying unheard of annual returns of 12 to 15 percent. So even with that eight percent annual interest rate tacked on, they were still coming out ahead!Here’s the problem. That fund’s improbable-seeming success was all thanks to one man: Bernie Madoff. Oops! Those returns that the Wilpon’s had been enjoying were actually just funds from new investors being passed off as profits. When Madoff’s multibillion-dollar Ponzi scheme collapsed during the 2008 financial crisis, it took approximately $500 million of the Wilpon family’s money with it.Here’s the kicker: This is actually the second set of deferred payments that Bonilla has with the Mets. When they traded Bonilla to the Ori oles in 1995, the two teams split a $12.5 million payment between them into 25 separate installments. Bonilla received his first payment in 2004 and will receive his last payment in 2028 for a total of $15.3 million.Be like Bobby.If you’re debating whether or not you should start contributing to your retirement account, take the lesson of Bobby Bonilla Day to heart. Putting that money aside now and adding some compounding interest to the mix will result in a lot more money down the line. It probably won’t be worth $1.19 million a year, but it’ll still be well worth the wait.To learn more about the financial side of sports, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Pro Athletes Make a Lot of Money, and Free Agency Is a Big Reason WhyFrom Rags to Riches: A Financial History of the NFL10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA HistoryWhy NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB PlayersDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let u s know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  Instagram

State of Nature and Social Contract - 1323 Words

Hobbes and Locke are the founders of social contract theory, Hobbes’ Leviathan was the first political philosophy to discuss social contract theory and the state of nature followed by John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, both of their theories are distinct form each other but yet related. Hobbes and lock are both considered the first classical liberals, they differed from other classical philosophers because of their individualistic society, rather than a communal society that promotes the moral way to live one’s life. According to classical liberalism the government should not promote morality, rather to only protect people’s rights to pursue their desires. They both believed that man was born free and equal, and has the right to choose who governs them. Hobbes believed in a minimalist government that promotes the rights of individuals to life and freedom of movements, while Locke also believes in an even more limited government that promotes life liberty and property. Lock and Hobbes differ in their conception of social contract but they both agreed on the central idea that in the state of nature people â€Å"would willingly come together to form a state†, but they disagreed over the government’s extent to implement order and liberty. Hobbes saw the sovereign as a beneficiary in a mutual agreement between the citizens, while Locke believed the sovereign himself is a party to the contract. Hobbes believed that the government must be very strong, to keep order and setShow MoreRelatedSocial Contract Theory And The Transition From State Of Nature1599 Words   |  7 PagesI’m going to discuss the Social Contract theory, and how the transition from State of Nature to government was considered a contract. Was there ever a timeframe when men lived outside of social orders and how was it? , How did men get away from that period and go into another time of social orders? Was it through power or shared understa nding? Once a type of government is picked or selected, who runs it and is the privileges of the individual safeguarded? Social contract hypothesis, almost as oldRead MoreThe Meaning Of Human Nature870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meaning of Human Nature The social contract seems to be open to be an ideology that is left to interpretation by everyone that has either wrote or read about it based on their individual definitions of what it means to be in the state of nature. Throughout this course we began with Thomas Hobbes, whose beliefs seemed quite ridiculous at times, but his ideas about what it meant to be a person in the state of nature, were supported by what he believed to be true. Much like when Jean-Jacques RousseauRead MoreThe Social Contract : Hobbes Vs. Rousseau1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Contract: Hobbes vs. Rousseau Since the beginning of the modern age, governments and states have existed in order to maintain moral law. 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The â€Å"signing† of the socialRead MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State1110 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Introduction: The social contract theory is one of the oldest theories on the origin of state. This theory came into existence as a reaction against the divine origin theory. The term ‘social’ is something which is connected with the society, while ‘contract’ means an agreement between two or more people. Thus a term of political theory, ‘social contract’ implies an agreement that makes society possible .this theory holds that the state is the voluntary and deliberate agreementRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory1357 Words   |  5 PagesThe social contract theory is the belief that people live in a society with an unwritten and socially accepted contract for a relationship between the people and their government. The people follow certain rules to protect themselves from violence and the like. The government in turn enforces those rules. In the absence of a social contract, the state of nature exists which citizens actions are governed by personal morals and beliefs. In any social contract people vest their rights to the authorityRead MoreThomas Hobbes and John Lockes Varying Presentations of the Social Contract Theory1499 Words   |  6 Pagesand social contract theorists. Social Contract Theory is, â€Å"the hypothesis that one’s moral obligations are dependent upon an implicit agreement between individuals to form a society.† (IEP, Friend). Both Hobbes and Locke are primarily known for their works concerning political philosophy, namely Hobbes’ Leviathan and Locke’s Two Treatise of Government. Both works contain a different view of a State of Nature and lay out social contracts designed to neutralize the chaos inherent in that state. ThoughRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages1a. The Social Contract Theory According to the Social Contract Theory, it suggests that all individuals must depend on an agreement/ or contract among each person to form a society, in which they live in. The concept emphasizes authority over individuals, in other words, the social contract favors authority (e.g. the Sovereign) over the individuals, because men have to forfeit their personal right and freedom to the government, in exchange for protection and security, which I will further elaborateRead MoreRousseau Analysis Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesThe Social Contract In ancient times all men lived in a state of nature until hardships and the necessity to form a civil society between one another became eminent. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s â€Å"The Social Contract,† analyses the steps and reasoning behind this transition. In Rousseau’s work he focuses on several key terms in order to define this transition clearly, they include: state of nature, social contract, civil society, general will, and the sovereign. It would be impossible to define theRead MoreDifference Between Hobbes And Rousseau890 Words   |  4 Pagesand Social Thought Second Essay: Prompt 2 The social contracts of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau differ from each other due to divergent concepts of the state of nature. All three theories are therefore the products of highly differential ideas of how people instinctively behave. Hobbes, the first of these philosophers to theorize about such topics, believed that humans, while being innately equal with each other, are brutish, cruel, and power hungry. Social contracts are then

Asian American Mythology The Dragon Dance And The Lion...

In all cultures dance is a form we use to express our feelings, tell our past, and show our hopes for the future. Dancing is when you move your body to the beat of the music, many use dancing as a form to communicate with others and it is something anyone can do. For the final group project, my group decided to focus on Asian American mythology. Mythology deals with storytelling and myths of a cultures history or traditions. Each culture has their own myths and they all use different forms to pass down these myths and stories from generation to generation. Chinese Americans have many stories they tell in the form of dance, two of which are the Dragon Dance and the Lion Dance. The Dragon Dance is a Chinese American folk dance that is†¦show more content†¦Not only is the dance performed during Chinese New Year, many perform this dance during business openings or wedding ceremonies all to bring positivity to the festivities. â€Å"Social interaction, action, knowledge, power, virtue and interdependent things and much are based on the supreme spiritual power of the Dragon† (Ranjan). The dragon is an important symbol for the Chinese and it is part of the reason why the Dragon Dance is so important to perform during great festivities. The Lion Dance is another dance that is greatly known within the Chinese community as well as the American community. The folktale that comes with the Lion Dance dates all the way back to the Han and Tang Dynasty were lions were not yet native in China. That was until the rulers of what is today Iran and Afghanistan sent these lions to Chinese emperors as a gift so that they would be able to trade with the Silk Road merchants. The legend goes that one day a strange creature named â€Å"Nien† came to China and terrorized all its men and beasts. The Nien was so powerful that the Chinese decided to turn to the lion for help; luckily the lion was able to scare the Nien away, but the Nien left screaming, â€Å"Beware! I will return to take my revenge!† it was true that the Nien would return, he returned a year later, but by then the lion had gotten extremely busy taking care of the Chinese emperor so that was when the people ofShow MoreRelatedSummary Article Nikes Dispute with the University of Oregon9247 Words   |  37 PagesSports by Bill Bowerman Bill Bowerman William J. Bill Bowerman was an American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike, Inc. He was a very successful track coach, training 31 Olympic athletes, 51 All-Americans, 12 American record-holders, 24 NCAA champions, and 16 sub-4 minute milers... and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike Nike (mythology) In Greek mythology, Nike , was a goddess who personified triumph throughout the ages ofRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesreport, the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) calls for early educators to make play a regular part of the daily curriculum and be responsive to the needs of each student. In addition, a recent report from the American Academy of Pediatrics concludes that play is vitally important for healthy brain development. These reports, as well as many others, make clear that preschool children’s play and integrated learning are vital components of high-quality preschool

Human Resource Free Essays

The Department has also been chosen because the recruitment and training of employees is the responsibility of this department. Benefits of creative and lateral thinking include the setting of premium prices for new services and products as a successful new product can lead to large market share, it also increases shareholder returns. The innovative thinking of an individual can also motivate colleagues and boost their morale. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource or any similar topic only for you Order Now The barriers confronting creative and Innovative thinking can Include the devaluing of traditional ways of thinking and overlooking of an Individual’s creativity. Management of creativity and innovation helps in addressing international competition and gaining an advantage over other organizations that provide the same services and products. The creativity and innovative thinking also reduces the pressure over the process of business and the straightening of business process management. Introduction Creatively combined with Innovation when Implemented, helps In flourishing those rights tools that helps in not only growth of company but economy and the country as well. Diversity is the key for promoting innovation, adding to that brainstorming and lateral thinking, it develops innovation and creativity that reaps benefits for company which can be seen both in short term and long term. Creativity and innovation management has emerged as a new challenge for organizations all over the world. The creatively and Innovation of an organization Is very important nowadays because of the increasing international competition in every field for products and services. This assignment is on straightening the enhancement of creativity and innovative management that highlights the work of the Human Resource Department of any organization. This report provides some solutions that can be used for developing the creative thinking of an employee that adds to the productivity and growth of the organization. As mentioned earlier the chosen organization Is BP Insurance which Is a leading Insurance provider. BP Insurance Is famous for the friendly relations of employees and Human Resource Department. Because of this, BP Insurance attracts a large number of talented and hard working people. Innovation can be said to be one of the most desired goals of companies today, How to cite Human Resource, Papers Human resource Free Essays All multiple choice Example questions: 1 . Your company is currently faced with a labor shortage. You need to correct the situation, but want to choose an option that Is fast, yet can be â€Å"undone† when the shortage goes away (reparability). We will write a custom essay sample on Human resource or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of the following options, which one does NOT meet both of these conditions? A. Overtime B. New external hires c. Temporary workers D. Outsourcing Answer: B. New external Hires HARM Overview Three methods to assess whether HARM matters The resource-based view† of the firm What are some kinds of â€Å"resources†? What is a competitive advantage? What factors contribute to making resources valuable and that, in turn, give companies a competitive advantage? Study of 968 firms regarding their HARM practices conducted by Hustled (1995), Know the results – specific amounts/percentages. What Is psychological contract? HER Challenges The two general HER challenges that we discussed The two types of strategies cost leadership Their implications for managing employees Company characteristics as an organizational demand: Compare concerns between companies in different stages of development (young versus old companies) Organizational culture as an organizational demand: Definition Factors that shape culture Possible responses to injustice What are the implications of conducting the business in an ethically and socially responsible way Job Analysis The components that comprise Job descriptions The components that comprise Job specifications What is Job analysis Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other characteristics Definitions What characteristics are trainable and which ones are not (or, less trainable) Be able to apply this information to an example about who to hire Tools for Job analysis Types of tools (for example, Job Element Inventory) Pros and cons of each tool What is an organization chart? New database Job Design The four broad approaches to Job design Goals of each How each is conducted Process engineering, emotion Within the motivational approach, the Job Characteristics Model COM) terms mean The five core Job characteristics The three critical psychological states The goal of the motivational approach Trade-offs of the motivational approach The name of the survey used to compute a â€Å"satisfaction† score using the JACM Different between motivational and mechanical From the article â€Å"Why Silicon Valley is Rethinking the Cubicle Office,† what Job design is MOST applicable to Intel’s switch from cubicles to an open office design Planning Planning process benchmarking Definition of labor demand and labor supply What is transition matrix What is productivity ratio Read â€Å"outsourcing† Which options are faster Which options result in human suffering Specific options for how to correct a shortage Which options are revocable (can be â€Å"undone† when the shortage is corrected) Recruitment Succession management Non-compensation strategy?compromise Recruiter has influence on 2nd interview Risk-not 100% sure Employee inventory (data base)– skills set, go back to inventory whoso proficient and pick Four factors that make organizations more or less attractive to candidates With regard to vacancy characteristics, three potential decision-making strategies that candidates might use to decide which Job to accept The three policies that affect vacancy desirability The outcome upon which recruiter characteristics has an impact What are advantages and disadvantages of using internal and external recruitment sources Realistic Job previews What are they What can they help improve What is succession management Extra credit. How to cite Human resource, Papers

Squirrels free essay sample

Squirrels live on trees * They eat nuts and seeds * They are small bushy tailed animal New Words I Learned: * Gambol- leap playfully * It is well worth while to attract them near the house so that one may enjoy the sight their gambols and minister to their wants by suitable diet. Frolic- play lightheartedly * Then the window was opened and the nuts put on a table inside the room, and there little Frolic sits whilst we are at meals and forms one of the family * Whilst- while * Then the window was opened and the nuts put on a table inside the room, and there little Frolic sits whilst we are at meals and forms one of the family * Agile- mentally quick. One would not think she could catch the agile little creature. * Nectarines- smooth-skinned peach They certainly nibble the young shoots of firs and horse-chestnuts unmercifully in the spring, and one very dry summer they took very kindly to our peaches and nectarines. We will write a custom essay sample on Squirrels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Things I learned from the topic: * The squirrels great enemy is the cat. * They chase each other round a tree-stem with wonderful agility * They express their animosity with angry grunts and a stamp of the foot like a rabbit. * I have learnt that the squirrels tail has quite a language of its own. The most interesting thing I learned about the topic: I have learnt that the squirrels tail has quite a language of its own. It can be curved over its back and so spread out that on a wet day it forms a complete shelter from rain. It will take the form of a note of interrogation or lie flat on the ground, stand out at an angle or bristle with anger, according to the mood of the possessor. I think the essay did a good job of teaching me about the topic Because I knew about squirrels!

Manager Roles and Skills Essays

Manager Roles and Skills Essays Manager Roles and Skills Essay Manager Roles and Skills Essay Describe three different roles of a manager; what skills are essential to perform these roles? Ans: Many people say, that â€Å"management is what managers do† While that’s true, it doesn’t tell us much unfortunately. So in order to understand the concept of management, you have to understand what managers do. There are three specific categorization schemes to explain what managers do, result of many years of research and study: Roles (Henry Mintzberg) Skills (Robert L. Katz) There are three different management roles, which can be subdivided in ten more categories, which I am going to discuss here. Management Roles: Henry Mintzberg is a well know researcher, and the results of his studies about the work of managers were published in The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: Harper Row, 1973). The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior, and Mintzberg concluded that what managers do, can be described by studying ten different and interrelated roles, grouped around interpersonal relationships, transfer of information, and last, but not least, decision making. Interpersonal Roles The ones that, like the name suggests, involve people and other ceremonial duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leader – Responsible for staffing, training, and associated duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figurehead – The symbolic head of the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Liaison – Maintains the communication between all contacts and informers that compose the organizational network. Informational Roles Related to collecting, receiving, and disseminating information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monitor – Personally seek and receive information, to be able to understand the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disseminator – Transmits all import information received from outsiders to the members of the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spokesperson – On the contrary to the above role, here the manager transmits the organization’s plans, policies and actions to outsiders. Decisiona l Roles Roles that revolve around making choices.   Ã‚           Entrepreneur – Seeks opportunities. Basically they search for change, respond to it, and exploit it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Negotiator – Represents the organization at major negotiations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Resource Allocator – Makes or approves all significant decisions related to the allocation of resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disturbance Handler – Responsible for corrective action when the organization faces disturbances. It’s worth to mention that Mintzberg also considered that as managers perform the roles described above, their activities include reflection and action. Reflection (also called thoughtful thinking) because managers think, ponders and contemplates about their decisions. Action (or practical doing) because every time they act, they are doing something, they are applying their decisions. Mintzberg’s approach is debatable, but several studies that tested the Management Roles categories in different types of organizations support the idea that managers do perform similar roles. What does change is the emphasis given to each role that may vary depending on the organizational level. Management Skills: A managers job is varied and complex. Managers need certain skills to perform the duties and activities associated with being a manager. What type of skills does a manager need? Research by Robert L. Katz found that managers needed three essential skills. These are technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills. Technical skills include knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialized field, such as engineering, computers, financial and managerial accounting, or manufacturing. These skills are more important at lower levels of management since these managers are dealing directly with employees doing the organizations work. Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, this skill is crucial! Managers with good human skills are able to get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust. These skills are equally important at all levels of management. Finally conceptual skills are the skills managers must have to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills managers must be able to see the organization as a whole, understand the relationship among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important at top level anagement. A professional association of practicing managers, the American Management Association, has identified important skills for managers that encompass conceptual, communication, effectiveness, and interpersonal aspects. These are briefly described below: Conceptual Skills: Ability to use information to solve business problems, identification of opportunities for innovation, recognizing problem a reas and implementing solutions, selecting critical information from masses of data, understanding the business uses of technology, understanding the organizations business model. Communication Skills: Ability to transform ideas into words and actions, credibility among colleagues, peers, and subordinates, listening and asking questions, presentation skills and spoken format, presentation skills; written and graphic formats Effectiveness Skills: Contributing to corporate mission/departmental objectives, customer focus, multitasking; working at multiple tasks at parallel, negotiating skills, project management, reviewing operations and implementing improvements, setting and maintaining performance standards internally and externally, setting priorities for attention and activity, time management. Interpersonal Skills: Coaching and mentoring skills, diversity skills; working with diverse people and culture, networking within the organization, networking outside the organization, working in teams; cooperation and commitment. Conclusion: In todays demanding and dynamic workplace, employees who are invaluable to an organization must be willing to constantly upgrade their skills and take on extra work outside their own specific job areas. There is no doubt that skills will continue to be an important way of describing what a manager does. Q # 2: Contrast between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning theories of learning. Give suitable example for each. Ans: 1. Classical Conditioning: If a stimulus that results in an emotional response is repeated alongside another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, eventually the second stimulus will result in the same emotional response. Classical Conditioning is thus ‘learning by association’. In more detail, we are pre-conditioned to unconditionally respond in certain ways to stimuli. For example a sudden noise (an unconditional stimulus, US) makes us flinch (the unconditional response, UR). If a movement is made at the same time as, or just before the noise, such as moving hands to clap loudly (conditional stimulus, CS), then the person will learn to flinch when the movement is made without the noise necessarily being there (the conditional response, CR). Thus the association is made between the US and CS, with either stimulating the same response. Classical Conditioning  does not work in all circumstances. In particular it is more effective where the conditioning may be of evolutionary benefit. Experiment: Pavlov did famous experiments with dogs, ringing a bell and then feeding them. After a while, he could ring the bell and their mouths would salivate. Garcia and Koelling (1966) showed that rats soon learned to avoid a sweet: I liked my aunt, she always made me feel warm and wanted. She always wore a particular perfume. When I smell the perfume now, I immediately feel warm and wanted. So what? Using it If you want to persuade someone to do something, get them to do it at the same time as doing something they like doing. Do something specific every time they do something you want (like touching them somewhere or making a specific sound). Then do that specific thing and theyll think of doing the desired behavior. Defending Watch out for people repeatedly touching you or having strange behaviors. Check that theyre not trying to program you. 2. Operant Conditioning: A behavior will increase if it is followed by positive reinforcement. It will decrease if it is followed by punishment. Operant Conditioning is thus ‘learning by consequences’. Whereas Classical Conditioning involves automatic, pre-programmed responses, Operant Conditioning involves learned behaviors. Also, whilst Classical Conditioning associates two stimuli, Operant Conditioning associates a stimulus and a response. Favorable circumstances are generally known as reinforcing stimuli or reinforces, whilst unfavorable circumstances are known as punishing stimuli or punishers. Operant Conditioning is also known as Instrumental Conditioning. Experiment: Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed. From accidental knocking of the lever, they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get food. Example: Parents often try to balance praise and punishment. To be effective, they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguishthey should not punish for not doing what should be done. So what? Using it: If you want someone to work harder, do not punish them when they do not work- reward them when they do. If you want them to stop smoking, make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain. men

Battle of Gazala in World War II

Battle of Gazala in World War II The Battle of Gazala was fought May 26 to June 21, 1942, during the Western Desert Campaign of World War II (1939-1945). Despite having been thrown back in late 1941, General Erwin Rommel began pushing east across Libya early the following year. Responding, Allied forces constructed a fortified line at Gazala which extended south from the Mediterranean coast. On May 26, Rommel opened operations against this position by attempting to flank it from the south with the goal of trapping Allied forces near the coast. In nearly a month of fighting, Rommel was able to shatter the Gazala line and send the Allies retreating back into Egypt. Background In the wake of Operation Crusader in late 1941, General Erwin Rommels German and Italian forces were compelled to retreat west to at El Agheila. Assuming a new position behind a strong line of fortifications, Rommels Panzer Army Afrika was not attacked by British forces under General Sir Claude Auchinleck and Major General Neil Ritchie. This was largely due to the British need to consolidate their gains and build a logistical network after an advance of over 500 miles. Largely pleased with the offensive, the two British commanders had succeeded in relieving the siege of Tobruk (Map). Major General Neil Ritchie (center) addressing other officers in North Africa, May 31, 1942. Public Domain As a result of the need to improve their supply lines, the British reduced their frontline troop strength in the area of El Agheila. Probing the Allied lines in January 1942, Rommel found little opposition and began a limited offensive east. Retaking Benghazi (January 28) and Timimi (February 3), he pushed on towards Tobruk. Rushing to consolidate their forces, the British formed a new line west of Tobruk and extending south from Gazala. Beginning at the coast, the Gazala line extended 50 miles south where it was anchored on the town of Bir Hakeim. To cover this line, Auchinleck and Ritchie deployed their troops in brigade-strength boxes which were linked by barbed wire and minefields. The bulk of the Allied troops were placed near the coast with progressively fewer as the line extended into the desert. The defense of Bir Hakeim was assigned to a brigade of the 1st Free French Division. As the spring progressed, both sides took time to resupply and refit. On the Allied side, this saw the arrival of new General Grant tanks which could match the German Panzer IV as well as improvements in coordination between the Desert Air Force and troops on the ground. Rommels Plan Assessing the situation, Rommel devised a plan for a sweeping flank attack around Bir Hakeim designed to destroy the British armor and cut off those divisions along the Gazala Line. To execute this offensive, he intended the Italian 132nd Armored Division Ariete to assault Bir Hakeim while the 21st and 15th Panzer Divisions swung around the Allied flank to attack their rear. This maneuver would be supported by the 90th Light Afrika Division Battle Group which was to move around the Allied flank to El Adem to block reinforcements from joining the battle. Fast Facts: Battle of Gazala Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: May 26-June 21, 1942Armies Commanders:AlliesGeneral Sir Claude AuchinleckMajor General Neil Ritchie175,000 men, 843 tanksAxisGeneral Erwin Rommel80,000 men, 560 tanksCasualties:Allies: approx. 98,000 men killed, wounded, and captured as well as around 540 tanksAxis: approx. 32,000 casualties and 114 tanks Fighting Begins To complete the attack, elements of the Italian XX Motorized Corps and 101st Motorized Division Trieste were to clear a path through the minefields north of Bir Hakeim and near the Sidi Muftah box to supply the armored advance. To hold Allied troops in place, the Italian X and XXI Corps would assault the Gazala Line near the coast. At 2:00 PM on May 26, these formations moved forward. That night, Rommel personally led his mobile forces as they began the flanking maneuver. Almost immediately the plan began to unravel as the French mounted a vigorous defense of Bir Hakeim, repelling the Italians (Map). A short distance to the southeast, Rommels forces were held up for several hours by the 7th Armoured Divisions 3rd Indian Motor Brigade. Though they were forced to withdraw, they inflicted heavy losses on the attackers. By midday on the 27th, the momentum of Rommels attack was faltering as British armor entered the battle and Bir Hakeim held out. Only the 90th Light had clear success, over-running the 7th Armoured Divisions advance headquarters and reaching the El Adem area. As fighting raged over the next several days, Rommels forces became trapped in an area known as The Cauldron (Map). Turning the Tide This area saw his men trapped by Bir Hakeim to the south, Tobruk to the north, and the minefields of the original Allied line to the west. Under constant assault by Allied armor from the north and east, Rommels supply situation was reaching critical levels and he began to contemplate surrender. These thoughts were erased when early on May 29 supply trucks, supported by the Italian Trieste and Ariete Divisions, breached the minefields north Bir Hakeim. Able to re-supply, Rommel attacked west on May 30 to link up with the Italian X Corps. Destroying the Sidi Muftah box, he was able to split the Allied front in two. On June 1, Rommel dispatched the 90th Light and Trieste divisions to reduce Bir Hakeim, but their efforts were repulsed. At the British headquarters, Auchinleck, fueled by overly-optimistic intelligence assessments, pushed Ritchie to counterattack along the coast to reach Timimi. Rather than oblige his superior, Ritchie instead focused on covering Tobruk and reinforcing the box around El Adem. On June 5 a counterattack did move forward, but Eighth Army made no progress. That afternoon, Rommel decided to attack east towards Bir el Hatmat and north against the Knightsbridge Box. Italian Ariete Division tanks at the Battle of Gazala, June 10, 1942. Public Domain The former succeeded in overrunning the tactical headquarters of two British divisions leading to a breakdown of command and control in the area. As a result, several units were severely beaten through the afternoon and on June 6. Continuing to build strength in the Cauldron, Rommel conducted several attacks on Bir Hakeim between June 6 and 8, significantly reducing the French perimeter. By June 10 their defenses had been shattered and Ritchie ordered them to evacuate. In a series of attacks around the Knightsbridge and El Adem boxes on June 11-13, Rommels forces dealt the British armor a severe defeat. After abandoning Knightsbridge on the evening of the 13, Ritchie was authorized to retreat from the Gazala Line the next day. With Allied forces holding the El Adem area, the 1st South African Division was able to retreat along the coast road intact, though the 50th (Northumbrian) Division was forced to attack south into the desert before turning east to reach friendly lines. The boxes at El Adem and Sidi Rezegh were evacuated on June 17 and the garrison at Tobruk was left to defend itself. Though ordered to hold a line west of Tobruk at Acroma, this proved unfeasible and Ritchie began a long retreat back to Mersa Matruh in Egypt. Though Allied leaders expected Tobruk to be able to hold out for two or three months on existing supplies, it was surrendered on June 21. Captured Allied soldiers march out of Tobruk, June 1942. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-785-0294-32A / Tannenberg / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Aftermath The Battle of Gazala cost the Allies around 98,000 men killed, wounded, and captured as well as around 540 tanks. Axis losses were approximately 32,000 casualties and 114 tanks. For his victory and the capture of Tobruk, Rommel was promoted to field marshal by Hitler. Assessing the position at Mersa Matruh, Auchinleck decided to abandon it in favor of a stronger one at El Alamein. Rommel assaulted this position in July but made no progress. A final effort was made the Battle of Alam Halfa in late August with no results.

Friedrich Nietzsche a Philosopher in Society Essay

Friedrich Nietzsche a Philosopher in Society - Essay Example This essay analyzes that nationalism is the belief that groups of people are bound together by territorial, cultural and (sometimes) ethnic links (Glossary, online). Capitalism is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods depend on invested private capital and profit-making. Politically, this means the dominance of private owners of capital and production for profit. By extension, 'capitalism' has also taken in the belief that government should have nothing to do with the economy (Glossary, online). Capitalism is a form of government for a nation state, or for an organization in which all the citizens have a vote or voice in shaping policy (Democracy, online). Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the community as a whole should own and control the means of production (Glossary, online). Conservatism is a political philosophy or attitude that emphasizes respect for traditional institutions, distrust of gover nment activism and opposition to sudden change in the established order (Glossary, online). Liberalism is a term that gained significance in the 19th century when it meant the limiting of government power and the increase of social reform (Glossary, online). ... All Too Human, Daybreak, The Gay Science, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, On the Genealogy of Morals, The Case of Wagner, The Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, Ecce Homo, Nietzsche Contra Wagner, and The Will to Power (Friedrich Nietzsche a, online). Friedrich Nietzsche is famous for his rejection of Christianity (Friedrich Nietzsche b, online). He described Christianity as a nihilistic religion because it evaded the challenge of finding meaning in earthly life, creating instead a spiritual projection where mortality and suffering were removed instead of transcended. He believed nihilism resulted from the "death of God", and insisted that it was something to be overcome, by returning meaning to a monistic reality. He sought instead a "pragmatic idealism," in contrast to the prominent influence of Schopenhauer's "cosmic idealism" (Nihilism, online). He is also famous for his idea of "will to power". Hopes for a higher state of being after death are explained as compensations for failures in this life. The famous view about the "death of God" resulted from his observations of the movement from traditional beliefs to a trust of science and commerce. Nietzsche dissected Christianity and Socialism as faiths of the "little men," where excuses for weakness paraded as moral principles. John Stuart Mill's liberal democratic humanism was a target for scorn, and he called Mill "that blockhead" (Friedrich Nietzsche b, online).

Rethinking Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Rethinking Performance Management - Essay Example In regards to such the paper tends to analyse the performance management system in the light of motivational theories and employee and organisational productivity parameters. Introduction Performance management is defined as an ongoing process with respect to communication which is undertaken between the employees and the immediate supervisors which tends to establish a clear, shared understanding and expectation about the work that is to be performed. It is a system which included various components which are needed in the system of performance management in order to add value in the organisation, the mangers and finally the staffs (Bacal, 2011, p.4). Performance management is said to be critical and necessary component both for individual and organisation effectiveness. Performance managements is all about assessment and feedbacks and real and effective gains in performance requires committed and thoughtful process of feedbacks and evaluation. An important part in the performance m anagement is the process of PM. Personal today has stated that performance management have existed for more than 80 years. According to research done by Personnel Today has revealed that poor performance still is an important and prevailing issue in more than 96% of the organisation. This paper aims to find out the reason as to why poor performance still tends to be an important issue. In the process of measuring performance management, there are many various steps which are required to complete the performance management process. Managing performance in the organisation usually requires an understanding of the context through which the process ends to occur. However the reality is that performance management needs to start at an early stage before the employees start to work with the strategic objectives and also before acting on the core values of the company or the organisation (Cardy & Leonard, 2011, p.3). Main Findings Critical Evaluation of the Process and Core Components of a Performance Management System Performance management is termed as a process and not an event. It is necessary to improve and maintain the performance of the organisation and the individual. Without receiving feedbacks or evaluation, there exist no basis for improving and maintaining the performance. Thus in order to maximise the performance, a careful as well as committed approach is required in the process of feedback and evaluation. But an effective performance management is a tool that just not requires evaluation and feedbacks but much more than it. It involves various numbers of steps and each is crucial for the performance to be improved and maintained. Figure 1: Performance management model (Source: Tansky & Heneman, 2006, p.117) As shown in the above diagram, performance management involves diagnosis which means that the performance needs to be observed in relation with the cause for the performance and the required changes which are necessary to make. In addition to

English :: essays research papers fc

For years, Division I athletes have been pouring their hearts out day after day, week after week, to protect the pride and tradition of their universities. With television contracts and shoe deals alone, the athletes are really bringing in the money and other forms of revenue. Sure, you can say that the typical athletes scholarship is enough to compensate, but are they? A true athlete plays the game simply because he loves it. When you’re at the Division I level of sports, it is more or less a business and it is their job to make money for the school. Also, these athletes give up many freedoms. For a given number of hours per week, they give their blood, sweat, and tears just to play a sixty-minute game or run two times around a track. Take these factors and combine it with the athlete’s academic responsibilities, and it’s a lot to account for. When all is said and done, how much money does the athlete see? Well, aside from scholarships†¦zero. I mentioned earlier that intercollegiate athletics is more or less a business in itself. Let me break it down for you. A business has different departments; the owner, the management, and your employees at the bottom rung making everything run smoothly. The owners of course have provided the money for the company, the managers run the company, and the laborers perform the work. I’ve never heard of a business that doesn’t pay its employees. And of course no one would work for them if such a thing did exist. Most people think that an athlete should just be thankful for the education he receives in exchange for a few hours of practice. But an enormous amount of cash is being circulated within that school, at the athlete’s expense, which that athlete will never lay eyes on. Author and sports writer Steven Wulf says, â€Å"They are required to put in long hours of hard work for next to nothing, in hostile conditions, always under intense scrutiny of their bosses†. (Wulf) Of course this is a controversial topic, and there are obviously two sides to this argument: a side for and a side against the argument. â€Å"It is true that student-athletes aren’t your typical college students. They are unable to deposit that measly check most us work toward outside academic duties. Time and physical constraints do not allow these individuals living in a fish bowl to actively pursue a part-time job.

Emotions Research and Theories

Emotion is a feeling that causes physical and psychological changes as well as, influence thought and behavior. Like motivation emotion is categorized into three separate categories: neurological, physiological, and cognitive. Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation (Cherry, 2010). Emotion is both an intrinsic and extrinsic source of motivation. The emotions that we feel internally drive us like an instinct. Externally what we experience teaches us how to react in the future. The James-Lange theory was an early theory individually discovered by two scientists in the 20th century, William James and Carl Lange. The James-Lange theory states that emotions happen because of physiological reactions to events. For example; you are walking down the street and see a person who wronged you in the past; your teeth clench and you nostrils flare. The William-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude what emotion you feel. â€Å"My face tightened therefore I am angry. ) The Cannon- Bard theory sought to dispel the William-Lange theory and stated that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as, trembling, sweating, and muscle tension simultaneously. Example- the toddler sees a doctor with a needle and is scared so she cries. The cognitive arousal theory focuses on the interaction between the two arousal and cognition. The first experiment for this theory was created by Schachter& Singer in 1962. This theory focuses on two dimensions of emotion the quality and intensity. They believed that emotion was produced with psychological arousal. When someone is aroused psychologically this can produce a variety of feelings. For example, anger, fear, happiness, anxiety, or sadness depending on the intensity some kind of action will be produced behind these emotions. For instance, a student that lives in a dorm room alone she is just watching television then suddenly hears a struggle to get her door open. Immediately she feels fear and anxiety her next action will be determine by the intensity of her emotions. The arousal in this case would be everything she is thinking is it a burglary, she can get hurt in the process, or is someone there to hurt her. The first thing she grabs is a knife and some mace her father gave her before leaving for college. Her second move would be to call 911. Therefore this scenario proves this theory is correct if there were not any psychological arousal there would not been any action (DeckersL. 2010). Category analysis is a way of analyzing emotion with the study of words associated with that emotion (Deckers, 2010). Category analysis assumes that the development of words happened to describe the emotional experiences of individuals (Deckers,2010), â€Å"in other words, the reason for words such as love, hate, sad, happy, afraid, and angry is because each labels a distinctly unique feeling in a particular situation† (Deckers, 2010. p. 317). These words exist because people have experienced a specific feeling and associated that word to that feeling. To understand the different ways a person express his or her emotions Johnson-Laird and Oatley did a study of 590 English words meanings to classify each word into an emotion category, and words with similar meanings are classified together (Deckers, 2010). One concern with their study was determining if a â€Å"word† used to describe a feeling was subjective. Though their research the results were; categories of five basic emotions, which are happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger. Happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger are words describe basic emotions (Deckers, 2010) Facial expressions are another research method used for uncover basic emotions. The thought in reference to facial expressions is that basic emotions have facial expressions is in accord with that emotion, such as a frown coincides with sadness (Deckers, 2010). Ekman and Izard reported, â€Å"If there is no distinctive facial expression, then the corresponding subjective state should not be considered an emotion facial expression† (Deckers, 2010, p. 18). Ekman along with Izard discovered that facial expressions together with emotions were precisely identifiable by people of differing cultures worldwide, which inspired Ekman’s proposal of the six basic emotions along with the matching facial expressions. The six basic emotions that have recognizable facial expressions are surprise, happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger. The more dramatic the facial expression, the strong er the emotion is for the individual. Lopatovska and Arapakis (2010), â€Å"facial expressions, are the result of facial muscle contractions, which induce movements of the facial skin and temporary deformations of the facial features, such as eyebrows, nose, and mouth† (p. 5). For example, an individual usually expresses sadness through his or her eyes, eyebrows, and mouth regions. Ekman asserts that â€Å"in sadness, the inner corners of brows are drawn up, skin below the eyebrow is triangulated with the inner corner up, upper eyelid inner corner is raised, corners of lips are down or the lip is trembling† (as cited in Lopatovska & Arapakis, 2010, p. 5). Facial expressions are a channel for emotions associated with the effect of the emotions, and serve as a universal language, which enriches the interactions between humans. Many studies of Facial Feedback Hypothesis simply say facial expression is the emotional responds to a person’s emotional feelings. One does not cause the other, but both are in response to an emotion stimulus (Buck, 1984, 1985). Viewing cartoons evokes smiles, laughs, and feelings of amusement (Decker, 1994). Unpleasant scenes such as traffic accidents and ritual suicides however evoke facial expression indicating that the feelings induced are unpleasant (Zuckerman et al. 1981). All are affects from an emotional stimulus but one does not have an effect on the other. The more intensified the stimulus the more intensified the facial expression. For example, if you find something funny you may just smile but, the funnier the situation the smile will eventually turn into laughter. The Event-Appraisal-Emotion Sequence can be broken up into four different emotion-inducing situations: (1) different appraisal of different events can produce different emotions. 2) the same appraisal of different events can produce the same emotion (3) the outcome of the appraisal process elicits the involuntary unfolding of emotion (4) appraisal can happen both above and below the level of awareness (Deckers, 2005). This simple says that first an emotion is introduced. Then that emotion is predetermining which way it should go, either negative or positive. After the emotion determines which way to go it starts to see which personal scheme, attitudes, or need it wants to display. Last but not least the emotion is transformed in and affect which is a physiological response, expression, and or a behavior. In conclusion, emotion is something that we all have, some emotions are more noticeable than others and some are hidden, it can be physical and psychological, and influences behavior, emotions are a strong set of feelings that can change rapidly from person to person, emotions influence motivation and cause people to do what they do. There are many theories and hypothesis that try to explain emotion and try to understand why people feed off of three emotions.

Canada Welcomes An Ethno Cultural Diversity And Follows...

In 2012, Canada received approximately 23,000 refugees and their families (Statistics Canada, 2012). Canada welcomes an ethno cultural diversity and follows the international mandate to ensure safety, stability and accessibility to health services for refugees. The refugees come from different countries, which are socioeconomically unstable, and they are in search of stability and a better destiny. Canada is recognized as one of the most developed countries in the world, it is undeniable that the protection of refugees will be provided. The Ottawa Newcomer Clinic, located in Ottawa, is one of the agencies that welcomes newcomer refugees. This clinic plays an essential role in the reintegration of refugees in their new environment and provides preventive healthcare services. To improve its services, the team members of the clinic are committed to promoting mental health in order to undertake a holistic approach in the care of refugee youths. Consequently, it is important to explore th e obstacles facing this particular population using the Population Health model in order to identify startegies for mental health promotion programs that aims to optimize the health status of refugee youths. This brings us to review the importance of mental health among refugees and concepts involved, such as importance of the role of health care providers who have direct contact with the target population as well as mental health promotion. As indicated by Lucia (2012) populace Health Promotion